Carica papaya Leaf Phytochemicals Were Investigated In Vitro for Their Anti- syphilitic Effects Against the 3CRK Protein
Abstract
Objective: A highly contagious virus called syphilis, if left untreated, has the potential to seriously harm ones health. The Treponema pallidum bacteria is the culprit behind syphilis. Identifying phytocompounds from the carica papaya leaves for the treatment of the syphilis disease is the objective of this research paper. Methods: In the current work, we looked at the results of an in silicon analysis to create a new oral treatment for syphilis. Compounds from the leaves of the Carica papaya, that have been touted as a natural treatment for Syphilis inhibitors, were put through a comprehensive virtual testing process in this study. The selected compounds were then screened for pharmacology and toxicology. Ultimately, the screenings was completed by docking the selected chemical towards the Syphilis targeted protein utilizing PyRx and Biovia. Results: Pseudocarpaine,
Dehydrocarpaine I, Dehydrocarpaine II were found to be best ligands with the best binding affinity for the treatment of syphilis. Conclusion: It might be useful to recommend C. papaya leaf for more in vitro studies on Syphilis at the level of the cell.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Satyaputra, F., Hendry, S., Braddick, M., Sivabalan, P., & Norton, R. (2021). The Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis. Journal of clinical microbiology, 59(10), e0010021. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00100-21
Theel, E. S., Katz, S. S., & Pillay, A. (2020). Molecular and Direct Detection Tests for Treponema pallidum Subspecies pallidum: A Review of the Literature, 1964-2017. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 71(Suppl 1), S4–S12. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa176
Salado-Rasmussen, K., Katzenstein, T. L., & Larsen, H. K. (2018). Ugeskrift for laeger, 180(20), V01180026.
Stafylis, C., Keith, K., Mehta, S., Tellalian, D., Burian, P., Millner, C., & Klausner, J. D. (2021). Clinical Efficacy of Cefixime for the Treatment of Early Syphilis. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 73(5), 907–910. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab187
Ros-Vivancos, C., González-Hernández, M., Navarro-Gracia, J. F., Sánchez-Payá, J., González- Torga, A., & Portilla-Sogorb, J. (2018). Evolución del tratamiento de la sífilis a lo largo de la historia [Evolution of treatment of syphilis through history]. Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia, 31(6), 485–492.
Zhou, Z., Ford, R., Bar, I., & Kanchana-Udomkan, C. (2021). Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Flavour Profiling. Genes, 12(9), 1416. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12091416
Hariono, M., Julianus, J., Djunarko, I., Hidayat, I., Adelya, L., Indayani, F., Auw, Z., Namba, G., & Hariyono, P. (2021). The Future of Carica papaya Leaf Extract as an Herbal Medicine Product. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 26(22), 6922. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226922
Kong, Y. R., Jong, Y. X., Balakrishnan, M., Bok, Z. K., Weng, J. K. K., Tay, K. C., Goh, B. H., Ong, Y. S., Chan, K. G., Lee, L. H., & Khaw, K. Y. (2021). Beneficial Role of Carica papaya Extracts and Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Related Diseases: A Mini Review. Biology, 10(4), 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10040287
Behzadi, P., & Gajdács, M. (2021). Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB): A virtual treasure for research in biotechnology. European journal of microbiology & immunology, 11(4), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1556/1886.2021.00020
EMBOSS: pepstats. (n.d.). Galaxy-Iuc.github.io. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://galaxy- iuc.github.io/emboss-5.0-docs/pepstats.html
Al Mughram, M. H., Herrington, N. B., Catalano, C., & Kellogg, G. E. (2021). Systematized analysis of secondary structure dependence of key structural features of residues in soluble and membrane-bound proteins. Journal of structural biology: X, 5, 100055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjsbx.2021.100055
Mannige, Ranjan (16 May 2017). "An exhaustive survey of regular peptide conformations using a new metric for backbone handedness (h)". PeerJ. 5: e3327. doi:10.7717/peerj.3327. PMC 5436576. PMID 28533975. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
Gurib-Fakim A. (2006). Medicinal plants: traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow. Molecular aspects of medicine, 27(1), 1–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2005.07.008
Petrovska B. B. (2012). Historical review of medicinal plants' usage. Pharmacognosy reviews, 6(11), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.95849
PubChem. (n.d.). Docs. Pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/docs/
Daina, A., & Zoete, V. (2019). Application of the SwissDrugDesign Online Resources in Virtual Screening. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(18), 4612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184612
Göller, A. H., Kuhnke, L., Montanari, F., Bonin, A., Schneckener, S., Ter Laak, A., Wichard, J., Lobell, M., & Hillisch, A. (2020). Bayer's in silico ADMET platform: a journey of machine learning over the past two decades. Drug discovery today, 25(9), 1702–1709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.001
Rim K. T. (2020). In silico prediction of toxicity and its applications for chemicals at work. Toxicology and environmental health sciences, 12(3), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530- 020-00056-4
Pinzi, L., & Rastelli, G. (2019). Molecular Docking: Shifting Paradigms in Drug Discovery. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(18), 4331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184331
Rosell, M., & Fernández-Recio, J. (2020). Docking approaches for modeling multi-molecular assemblies. Current opinion in structural biology, 64, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2020.05.016
Burley, S. K., Berman, H. M., Duarte, J. M., Feng, Z., Flatt, J. W., Hudson, B. P., Lowe, et.al C. (2022). Protein Data Bank: A Comprehensive Review of 3D Structure Holdings and Worldwide Utilization by Researchers, Educators, and Students. Biomolecules, 12(10), 1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12101425
Kyte, Jack, and Russel F. Doolittle. "A Simple Method for Displaying the Hydropathic Character of a Protein." Journal of Molecular Biology 1982; (157) 105-132.
Ramachandran, G.N.; Ramakrishnan, C.; Sasisekharan, V. (1963). "Stereochemistry of polypeptide chain configurations". Journal of Molecular Biology. 7: 95–9. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(63)80023- 6. PMID 13990617.
PDBsum. (2022, May 16). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDBsum
Carmichael, N., & Day, P. J. R. (2022). Cell Surface Transporters and Novel Drug Developments. Frontiers in pharmacology, 13, 852938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.852938
Sweeney, M. D., Zhao, Z., Montagne, A., Nelson, A. R., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2019). Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back. Physiological reviews, 99(1), 21–78. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00050.2017
Roett M. A. (2020). Genital Ulcers: Differential Diagnosis and Management. American family physician, 101(6), 355–361.
Park, I. U., Tran, A., Pereira, L., & Fakile, Y. (2020). Sensitivity and Specificity of Treponemal- specific Tests for the Diagnosis of Syphilis. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 71(Suppl 1), S13–S20. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa349
Stafylis, C., Keith, K., Mehta, S., Tellalian, D., Burian, P., Millner, C., & Klausner, J. D. (2021). Clinical Efficacy of Cefixime for the Treatment of Early Syphilis. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 73(5), 907–910. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab187
Sharma, A., Sharma, R., Sharma, M., Kumar, M., Barbhai, M. D., Lorenzo, et.al Leaves: Deciphering Its Antioxidant Bioactives, Biological Activities, Innovative Products, and Safety Aspects. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2022, 2451733. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2451733
Sugiharto S. (2020). Papaya (Carica papaya L.) seed as a potent functional feedstuff for poultry - A review. Veterinary world, 13(8), 1613–1619. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1613-1619
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37628/ijpb.v9i1.844
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.