Infertility in Women: A Review on Causes, Treatment, and Management

Abstract

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year (in female under 30–35 years old) or six months (in a female over thirty-five years old) of regular, frequent (3 or 4 times per week), unprotected copulation. Infertility is defined as the inability to become pregnant to term and birth a healthy baby. Secondary or primary infertility may be caused by the female, the male, or both. Primary infertility is the failure to have children, whereas secondary infertility refers to problems in conceiving or after having conceived (had a miscarriage). If the partners have changed within the past year, secondary infertility may not be the reason, which has its own set of unique possibilities of infertility. Endometriosis, congenital/acquired uterine abnormalities, and post-infectious tubal damage are among the most common anatomical reasons of infertility in women. Pregnancy loss, Infertility and other obstetric problems can result from acquired (myomas and synechiae) & congenital (septate uterus) uterine disorders. Pelvic inflammatory disease is the most common reason for tubal damage. Surgery is still a viable treatment for tubal factor infertility, with outcomes that are comparable to in vitro fertilization in terms of reproductive success. In women of reproductive age, endometriosis, a common gynecologic illness, can lead to infertility and discomfort. Endometriosis-related infertility is still unknown, suggesting a complex process combining immunologic, genetic, and environmental components. Despite its great frequency, the precise processes of endometriosis pathogenesis remain unclear. Females with endometriosis may benefit from a specific mix of medicinal, surgical, and psychosocial therapies. Surgery for endometriosis has often led to much higher rates of fertilization. The immune system and endometriosis are clearly related, and Future therapies for endometriosis might be dependent on immunologic principles.